What is a Adarga?

The adarga is a notable shield in medieval military history, known for its lightness and resilience. Originating from North Africa, it was primarily used by Muslim troops during the famous Reconquista war and, beyond that, in various regions of the Maghreb. This shield is not only interesting for its construction and utility in combat but also for its cultural journey through different civilizations.

Origin and Structure of the Adarga

The birth of the adarga is located in North Africa. This shield, made from multiple layers of leather or hemp sheets, stands out for the durability provided by its hardening with vinegar or brine. Typically, the adarga takes rounded or double-recurve forms and usually lacks external decorations, which was a logical choice given its perishable nature.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Historical Use of the Adarga

• Muslim Troops: During the stages of the Reconquista, the adarga was widely used by Muslim light cavalry. Its lightweight and durable design made it ideal for protection against sword, spear, and arrow attacks.
• Adoption by Christians: Although it was initially a Muslim shield, Christians did not hesitate to adopt it. The adoption of this type of shield is documented in the Courts of Guadalajara in 1390.
• French Version: Interestingly, the French adapted a wooden version of the adarga, known as turs, adjusting the design to their own military requirements.

Distinctive Features

The adarga is distinguished by several characteristics that make it unique among medieval shields:

• Materials: Leather or hardened hemp was used to construct the adargas.
• Shape: It could be round or have a double-recurve design.
• Resistance: It was particularly effective in protecting against edged blows and also absorbed blunt impacts.
• Usage Method: The adarga was not gripped in the traditional manner. Instead, it was held by a handle, sometimes featuring decorative metal discs with primarily aesthetic purposes.

Conservation and Cultural Representations

Historical examples of the adarga have persisted, such as the one preserved in the Royal Armory of Madrid, dating from the 15th century with the inscription "And he is not a winner except God." The adarga is also depicted in various works of medieval art, including the “Cantigas of Alfonso X” and paintings from the Alhambra, showcasing its cultural relevance during that era.

The Adarga in Games and Combat

In the realm of medieval games, such as the stick fights and the running of piglets, the adarga played a prominent role. For these purposes, larger and more flexible adargas were made, equipped with grips, handles, and bindings. Their appearance was enhanced with gold and silver trims and edging, elevating their visual appeal.

Relevance Over Time

Despite the emergence of firearms, the adarga continued to be in use until the 17th century, especially in cavalry combats among the nobility of the continent. The combination of resistance and lightness ensured its place in military history, demonstrating why it was so valued in various combat contexts.

This shield was not only an essential defense tool but also a cultural piece that connected different periods and societies through its design and functionality. The history of the adarga is a testament to the evolution of armor and the intercultural influence over time.